Knee pain is a common issue that affects people of all ages, from athletes to office workers. It can range from mild discomfort to debilitating pain, impacting mobility and daily activities. But what does knee pain really mean? Understanding the potential causes can help you take the right steps toward relief and recovery.

1. Osteoarthritis: Wear and Tear Over Time

One of the most common causes of knee pain, especially in older adults, is osteoarthritis. This condition occurs when the cartilage that cushions the knee joint gradually wears down, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling. If your knee pain worsens with activity and improves with rest, osteoarthritis might be the culprit.

2. Tendonitis: Inflammation from Overuse

If you feel pain in the front of your knee, particularly after activities like running or jumping, you might have patellar tendonitis (also known as “jumper’s knee”). This condition occurs when the patellar tendon, which connects your kneecap to your shinbone, becomes inflamed due to repetitive stress.

3. Ligament Injuries: Sprains and Tears

Knee ligament injuries, such as an ACL tear, are common in sports that involve sudden stops, pivots, or jumps. A torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) often causes swelling, instability, and difficulty bearing weight on the affected leg. Other ligaments, like the MCL (medial collateral ligament) or LCL (lateral collateral ligament), can also be injured from direct impact or twisting motions.

4. Meniscus Tears: Damage to the Shock Absorber

The meniscus is a piece of cartilage that acts as a cushion between the thighbone and shinbone. A sudden twist or deep squat can cause a meniscus tear, leading to pain, swelling, and difficulty straightening the knee. Sometimes, a torn meniscus can cause a sensation of “locking” or “clicking” in the joint.

5. Bursitis: Fluid Buildup in the Knee

Bursae are small, fluid-filled sacs that help reduce friction between bones and soft tissues. When these sacs become inflamed due to overuse or prolonged kneeling, it leads to bursitis. Swelling, tenderness, and warmth around the knee are common symptoms.

6. Gout or Pseudogout: Crystals in the Joint

If you experience sudden, intense knee pain with redness and swelling, it might be gout or pseudogout. Gout occurs due to a buildup of uric acid crystals, while pseudogout is caused by calcium pyrophosphate crystals. Both conditions lead to inflammation and can mimic symptoms of an infection.

7. IT Band Syndrome: Pain on the Outer Knee

For runners and cyclists, pain on the outer side of the knee could be a sign of Iliotibial (IT) band syndrome. This occurs when the IT band, a thick band of tissue running from the hip to the shin, becomes tight and rubs against the knee joint, causing irritation.

When to See a Doctor

While mild knee pain often improves with rest, ice, and over-the-counter pain relievers, you should see a doctor if you experience:

  • Severe swelling or redness
  • Inability to bear weight on the knee
  • A popping sensation followed by instability
  • Persistent pain lasting several weeks

Final Thoughts

Knee pain can stem from various causes, ranging from minor overuse injuries to serious joint conditions. Understanding the root of your pain is the first step toward proper treatment. If your knee pain is affecting your daily life, it’s always best to consult a medical professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized care.