Blood clots are a natural and essential process that prevents excessive bleeding when you have an injury. However, when clots form unnecessarily or don’t dissolve properly, they can cause serious health problems. Blood clots can lead to conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or strokes. Understanding what causes blood clots is key to prevention and early detection. Here are some common causes and contributing factors:

1. Inactivity or Prolonged Immobility

Prolonged periods of sitting or lying down can slow blood flow, increasing the likelihood of clot formation. Situations that commonly lead to immobility include:

  • Long flights or car rides
  • Bed rest after surgery or illness
  • Sedentary lifestyle

2. Injury or Surgery

Physical trauma or surgical procedures can damage blood vessels, prompting the body to form clots as part of the healing process. This risk is especially high after orthopedic surgeries like knee or hip replacements.

3. Genetic Factors

Some people inherit genetic conditions that make their blood more prone to clotting. Examples include:

  • Factor V Leiden mutation
  • Prothrombin gene mutation
  • Protein C or S deficiency These conditions increase the risk of abnormal clot formation.

4. Hormonal Changes

Hormonal fluctuations can influence clotting factors in the blood. Situations that may increase clot risk include:

  • Pregnancy: Blood volume and clotting factors increase to protect against excessive bleeding during childbirth.
  • Birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy: These can elevate estrogen levels, which may promote clot formation.

5. Chronic Medical Conditions

Certain health issues can increase the risk of blood clots, such as:

  • Cancer: Some cancers and cancer treatments can elevate clotting risks.
  • Heart disease: Conditions like atrial fibrillation can lead to clots in the heart, which may travel to other parts of the body.
  • Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and contribute to clotting.
  • Obesity: Excess weight can increase pressure on veins and slow blood flow.

6. Smoking

Smoking damages the lining of blood vessels and increases the stickiness of platelets, making clots more likely. This risk is compounded when combined with other factors like birth control use.

7. Dehydration

When you’re dehydrated, your blood becomes thicker and more prone to clotting. This can occur during illness, after strenuous exercise, or when water intake is insufficient.

8. Age

As you age, your risk of developing blood clots increases. Blood flow becomes less efficient, and other age-related health conditions may contribute to clotting risks.

9. Infections and Inflammation

Infections like COVID-19 and other inflammatory conditions can disrupt normal clotting mechanisms, leading to an increased risk of abnormal clot formation.

10. Medications

Certain medications can increase clotting risks, including:

  • Hormonal contraceptives
  • Chemotherapy drugs
  • Some types of hormone replacement therapy

Symptoms of Blood Clots

Common symptoms of blood clots include:

  • Swelling, redness, and pain in the leg (DVT)
  • Shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing up blood (PE)
  • Sudden weakness, vision changes, or difficulty speaking (stroke)

Preventing Blood Clots

To reduce your risk:

  • Stay active and avoid prolonged periods of immobility.
  • Stay hydrated.
  • Maintain a healthy weight and diet.
  • Avoid smoking.
  • Follow your doctor’s advice if you’re on medications or have a genetic predisposition.

When to Seek Help

Blood clots can be life-threatening. If you experience symptoms such as severe leg pain, sudden shortness of breath, or signs of a stroke, seek medical attention immediately.

By understanding what causes blood clots and adopting preventive measures, you can lower your risk and protect your overall health.